Sensors and Actuators Market Size, Growth - Competitive Landscape 2025

Name: Sensors and Actuators Market Size, Growth - Competitive Landscape 2025 - 2030
Creator: Mordor Intelligence
License: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/privacy-policy

Sensors And Actuators Market Size and Share

Market Overview

Study Period	2019 - 2030
Market Size (2025)	USD 19.98 Billion
Market Size (2030)	USD 34.06 Billion
Growth Rate (2025 - 2030)	11.26% CAGR
Fastest Growing Market	Middle East and Africa
Largest Market	Asia Pacific
Market Concentration	Medium
Major Players *Disclaimer: Major Players sorted in no particular order Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Sensors And Actuators Market (2025 - 2030) — Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Sensors And Actuators Market Analysis by Mordor Intelligence

The sensors and actuators market size is valued at USD 19.98 billion in 2025 and is forecast to climb to USD 34.06 billion by 2030, translating into an 11.26% CAGR. Edge computing, 5G roll-outs, and predictive-maintenance platforms are simultaneously lifting demand while shortening deployment cycles for intelligent field devices. Industrial buyers are accelerating replacement of legacy hydraulic and pneumatic systems with electric alternatives that deliver cleaner operation, lower upkeep, and native digital feedback loops. Asia-Pacific currently anchors production capacity and early adoption, yet hydrocarbon-rich Middle East economies now fund large-scale smart-infrastructure programs that redistribute future growth. Technology consolidation continues around MEMS designs as miniaturization pushes sensing, processing, and communication onto a single die, reducing bill-of-materials costs and extending battery life for remote assets. Meanwhile, healthcare wearables and autonomous vehicles create new peak-volume niches that attract both diversified giants and niche specialists.

Key Report Takeaways

By product type, sensors commanded 60.3% revenue share of the sensors and actuators market in 2024, while electric actuators are advancing at a 13.8% CAGR through 2030.
By technology, MEMS devices held 67.4% of the sensors and actuators market share in 2024 and are expanding at a 14.6% CAGR over the forecast period.
By connectivity, wired solutions retained 71.2% share of the sensors and actuators market size in 2024; wireless options record a faster 13.71% CAGR to 2030.
By end-user industry, automotive maintained 24.9% share of the sensors and actuators market size in 2024, while healthcare exhibits the highest 15.3% CAGR through 2030.
By geography, Asia-Pacific led with 35.81% revenue share in 2024; Middle East & Africa posts the swiftest 13.5% CAGR to 2030

Global Sensors And Actuators Market Trends and Insights

Drivers Impact Analysis

DRIVER	(~) % IMPACT ON CAGR FORECAST	GEOGRAPHIC RELEVANCE	IMPACT TIMELINE
Proliferation of low-power MEMS sensors unlocking new IoT use-cases across Asia	+2.1%	Asia-Pacific core, global spill-over	Medium term (2-4 years)
Rapid electrification & ADAS integration in European automotive manufacturing	+1.8%	Europe & North America, expanding to APAC	Long term (≥ 4 years)
High adoption of predictive-maintenance platforms amplifying smart actuator demand in North America	+1.5%	North America & EU industrial corridors	Short term (≤ 2 years)
Accelerated 5G & Edge-AI roll-outs elevating industrial sensor uptake in South Korea & Taiwan	+1.2%	APAC technology leaders, expanding globally	Medium term (2-4 years)
Hydrogen & CCUS megaproject investments spurring specialty sensor demand in Middle-East oil & gas	+0.9%	Middle East & Africa, selective global projects	Long term (≥ 4 years)
Surge in wearable health-monitoring devices requiring miniature multi-modal sensors in the U.S.	+1.4%	North America core, expanding to developed markets	Short term (≤ 2 years)

Source: Mordor Intelligence

Proliferation of Low-Power MEMS Sensors Unlocking New IoT Use-Cases Across Asia

Volume MEMS wafer output in China is scaling rapidly as Sai Microelectronics moves toward 30,000 units per month, lowering cost curves and enabling battery-powered nodes that run for years on ambient energy. Silicon-carbide substrates now tolerate temperatures up to 130 °C, opening harsh-environment niches in petro-chemical and metallurgy. MEMS houses are also embedding micro-AI cores that execute anomaly detection on the die, trimming latency and bandwidth needs.^{[1]Yicai Global, “China's Sai Microelectronics Surges as Trial Production of New MEMS Wafers Kicks Off,” yicaiglobal.com}

Rapid Electrification & ADAS Integration in European Automotive Manufacturing

Electric vehicles employ 2–3 times more sensors than combustion models, and ADAS roadmaps point toward 400+ devices in full autonomy packages. Position, current, and thermal sensors for traction inverters are already growing at double-digit rates, with the dedicated automotive sensor pool projected at USD 1.2 billion by 2027. Wide-bandgap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN raise voltage ceilings to 800 V, boosting demand for specialized high-precision probes.^{[2]Green Car Congress, “Strategy Analytics Forecasts Strong Growth in Automotive Sensors Driven by EV Demand,” greencarcongress.com}

High Adoption of Predictive-Maintenance Platforms Amplifying Smart Actuator Demand in North America

Cloud-native platforms now analyze more than 1 million machine datapoints per minute and improve downtime forecasts by 85%. Electric linear actuators therefore integrate condition sensors that report load, stroke, and wear, forming closed loops that cut service calls on automated lines.

Accelerated 5G & Edge-AI Roll-outs Elevating Industrial Sensor Uptake in South Korea & Taiwan

Standalone 5G private networks with sub-10 ms latency connect millions of devices per square kilometer, allowing dense instrumentation of semiconductor fabs and display plants. Edge gateways co-located with machinery handle inference, relegating cloud links to exception alerts, and in turn lowering overall bandwidth fees.

Restraints Impact Analysis

RESTRAINTS	(~) % IMPACT ON CAGR FORECAST	GEOGRAPHIC RELEVANCE	IMPACT TIMELINE
Rare-earth magnet price volatility inflating precision actuator BOM costs	-1.3%	Global, high-precision niches	Short term (≤ 2 years)
EU data-security legislation slowing wireless sensor-network adoption	-0.8%	Europe core, global compliance	Medium term (2-4 years)
High calibration complexity of multi-axis sensors hindering SME uptake	-0.6%	Global SME base, emerging markets	Long term (≥ 4 years)
Semiconductor wafer shortages curtailing MEMS sensor supply in Japan	-0.9%	Japan core, APAC ripple	Short term (≤ 2 years)

Source: Mordor Intelligence

Rare-Earth Magnet Price Volatility Inflating Precision Actuator BOM Costs

Neodymium and dysprosium spot prices swung by double digits through 2024, pressuring aerospace and surgical-robotics vendors that depend on high-grade permanent-magnet motors. R&D efforts now target ferrite or magnet-free topologies to derisk supply chains.

EU Data-Security Legislation Slowing Wireless Sensor-Network Adoption

The EU cybersecurity regime obliges device-level encryption, location-bound data storage, and auditable firmware paths. Integrators therefore choose wired buses or local edge analytics to minimize regulatory burden, extending decision cycles for new wireless installations.

Segment Analysis

By Product Type: Electric Actuators Drive Growth Despite Sensor Dominance

Revenue for sensors captured 60.3% of the sensors and actuators market in 2024, underlining their ubiquity across process and discrete industries. The electric-actuator segment, though smaller, is clocking a 13.8% CAGR to 2030 as buyers phase out hydraulic assemblies that leak oil and require periodic seal replacements. Across packaging and intralogistics projects, electric linear units consume power only when moving and can harvest energy during deceleration, cutting lifecycle costs.

The sensors and actuators market size for electric actuation is projected to reach new highs in applications demanding sanitary operation such as pharmaceutical filling and food slicing. Integrated encoders and force gauges transform each axis into a data node, blurring lines between motion and measurement. Mechanical actuators still appear in off-grid safety dampers, yet hybrid electro-magnetic designs now dominate semiconductor photolithography stages where nanometer-scale repeatability is mandatory.

Sensors And Actuators Market: Market Share by Product Type — Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

By Technology: MEMS Consolidates Market Leadership

The sensors and actuators market size tied to MEMS devices represented 67.4% of global revenue in 2024 and is rising 14.6% annually. Shrink rules borrowed from advanced logic foundries enable inertial and environmental sensors below 1 mm² that sip sub-10 µA currents semi.org. Start-ups now tape-out integrated processors next to the sensing element, venturing toward “complete system on sensor” architectures.

Rising public investment supports this trajectory. Murata’s EUR-equivalent 5 billion yen plant in Finland will add capacity for automotive safety MEMS by 2026 businesswire.com. In the United States, Rogue Valley Microdevices secured USD 6.7 million under the CHIPS Act to develop 300 mm MEMS lines, a step that shortens supply distances for domestic tier-ones.^{[3]SEMI, “What’s Driving the Next 10 Years of MEMS?,” semi.org}

By Connectivity: Wireless Solutions Accelerate Despite Wired Dominance

Wired links kept 71.2% share in 2024 as factories rely on deterministic Ethernet and fieldbus backbones for real-time control. Yet wireless is climbing a 13.71% CAGR because 5G private networks assure sub-10 ms latency and nine-nines availability, satisfying motion-control thresholds. Simplified installation also appeals to retrofit projects where pulling cable is prohibitive.

Mesh topologies further strengthen wireless reliability by routing around physical obstacles. The sensors and actuators market benefits from energy-harvesting power chips that allow battery-free nodes, thereby minimizing maintenance and enabling high-density deployments inside turbine nacelles and HVAC plenums.

By Output Signal: Digital Transformation Accelerates

Digital interfaces commanded 54.8% share in 2024 and are trending at 12.4% CAGR as OEMs demand self-health diagnostics, preset scaling, and plug-and-play identification. When combined with local micro-AI engines, digital sensors execute threshold checks and pattern recognition at the edge, forwarding only actionable insights to higher layers.

Analog formats remain indispensable for ultra-low latency current loops in servo control, yet even these circuits increasingly coexist with a parallel digital channel that streams metadata for enterprise analytics. In effect, dual-mode designs future-proof installed bases as factories migrate toward full digital twins.

Sensors And Actuators Market: Market Share by Output Signal — Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

By End-User Industry: Healthcare Leads Growth While Automotive Dominates Volume

Automotive absorbed 24.9% of 2024 turnover from the sensors and actuators market, with battery-management, thermal, and lidar packages scaling alongside EV production lines. Healthcare, however, is the fastest mover at 15.3% CAGR on the back of consumer-grade biosensors that feed AI algorithms for early anomaly detection.

Surgeons now pilot robotic arms equipped with haptic-feedback actuators that translate micrometer hand motions into sub-millimeter tool deflections. In home settings, cuff-less blood-pressure patches and electrochemical sweat analyzers highlight the sensors and actuators industry pivot toward preventive care models. Industrial automation, energy, and smart buildings complete the demand mosaic, each favoring ruggedized or application-specific variants.

Geography Analysis

Asia-Pacific contributed 35.81% of global revenue in 2024, anchored by China’s localization drive and South Korea’s 5G smart-factory programs. Sai Microelectronics is scaling domestic MEMS wafer runs, fostering local supply resilience. Japan maintains precision sensor leadership yet contends with sporadic 200 mm wafer shortages that ripple through automotive exports. Taiwan’s foundries complement the ecosystem by offering high-mix, low-volume MEMS lines for start-ups.

The Middle East and Africa post a forecast of 13.5% CAGR through 2030, buoyed by USD 730 billion in energy and digital mega-projects. Vision 2030 earmarks USD 100 billion for AI deployments, catalyzing smart-city sensor grids across Saudi Arabia. Hydrogen export terminals and carbon-capture hubs widen the sensors and actuators market as specialty probes monitor pressure, purity, and leak-rates in novel process streams.

North America retains influence via advanced manufacturing and defense programs. Predictive-maintenance platforms widely adopted in U.S. factories uplift smart-actuator retrofits. CHIPS Act incentives support MEMS fabrication reshoring, while healthcare wearables incubated in Silicon Valley shape global design language.

Europe balances stringent data-protection rules with aggressive vehicle electrification targets. OEMs in Germany and France increase sensor counts per chassis, although compliance workloads can delay wireless network adoption. The sensors and actuators market across EU member states therefore tilts toward hybrid wired-plus-edge architectures that keep personal data inside local plants.

Sensors And Actuators Market CAGR (%), Growth Rate by Region — Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Competitive Landscape

The sensors and actuators market features moderate fragmentation. Honeywell, Bosch Sensortec, and Texas Instruments leverage vertically integrated fabs and global channels to secure high-volume contracts. Bosch’s 300 mm wafer initiative and investment in wide-bandgap processes typify moves to lock in performance and cost advantages. Honeywell expands SaaS analytics bundles that pair hardware with subscription dashboards, fostering customer lock-in.

Disruptors such as Everactive deploy batteryless sensor networks harvested through recent M&A activities, injecting competitive pressure in energy-constrained environments. Niche firms also exploit bioMEMS and extreme-environment SiC sensors that lie outside established players’ roadmaps. As a result, suppliers increasingly bundle firmware upgrades, cybersecurity patches, and cloud APIs around the core device, transforming one-time sales into recurring-revenue relationships.

Prospective entrants face high capital barriers in wafer fabrication yet can license IP or utilize open-foundry models. The long-term winners will likely combine semiconductor expertise, domain-specific firmware, and systems-integration services that de-risk adoption for end-users.

Sensors And Actuators Industry Leaders

TE Connectivity Ltd
Texas Instruments Inc
Honeywell International Inc
Emerson Electric Co.
Bosch Sensortec
*Disclaimer: Major Players sorted in no particular order

Sensors and Actuators_Competitive Landscape.png — Image © Mordor Intelligence. Reuse requires attribution under CC BY 4.0.

Need More Details on Market Players and Competitors?

Download PDF

Recent Industry Developments

October 2021: Curtiss-Wright announced the launch of its newest actuators with integral controls, the Exlar SA-R080 rotary, and SA-L080 linear actuator. The SA-080 is a frame size (80 mm) in the harsh environment control and sense series of industrial electro-mechanical actuators.
October 2021: Ewellix developed a smart electro-mechanical actuator with extended functionality for application in demanding applications such as construction and agricultural machinery. This smart actuator, CAHB-2xS, provides four new or enhanced features: accurate position sensors, control, built-in monitoring or diagnostics, and communication.

Table of Contents for Sensors And Actuators Industry Report

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Assumptions and Market Definition
1.2 Scope of the Study

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4. MARKET LANDSCAPE

4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Market Drivers
- 4.2.1 Proliferation of Low-Power MEMS Sensors Unlocking New IoT Use-Cases Across Asia
- 4.2.2 Rapid Electrification and ADAS Integration in European Automotive Manufacturing
- 4.2.3 High Adoption of Predictive-Maintenance Platforms Amplifying Smart Actuator Demand in North America
- 4.2.4 Accelerated 5G and Edge-AI Roll-outs Elevating Industrial Sensor Uptake in South Korea and Taiwan
- 4.2.5 Hydrogen and CCUS Megaproject Investments Spurring Specialty Sensor Demand in Middle-East Oil and Gas
- 4.2.6 Surge in Wearable Health-Monitoring Devices Requiring Miniature Multi-modal Sensors in the U.S.
4.3 Market Restraints
- 4.3.1 Rare-Earth Magnet Price Volatility Inflating Precision Actuator BOM Costs
- 4.3.2 EU Data-Security Legislation Slowing Wireless Sensor-Network Adoption
- 4.3.3 High Calibration Complexity of Multi-Axis Sensors Hindering SME Uptake
- 4.3.4 Semiconductor Wafer Shortages Curtailing MEMS Sensor Supply in Japan
4.4 Value / Supply-Chain Analysis
4.5 Regulatory Outlook
4.6 Technological Outlook
4.7 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.7.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.7.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.7.3 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.7.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 4.7.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
4.8 Investment Analysis

5. MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH FORECASTS (VALUE)

5.1 By Product Type
- 5.1.1 Sensors
- 5.1.1.1 Pressure Sensors
- 5.1.1.2 Temperature Sensors
- 5.1.1.3 Position Sensors
- 5.1.1.4 Level Sensors
- 5.1.1.5 Image Sensors
- 5.1.1.6 Chemical/Bio-Sensors
- 5.1.1.7 Torque Sensors
- 5.1.1.8 Flow Sensors
- 5.1.2 Actuators
- 5.1.2.1 Hydraulic Actuators
- 5.1.2.2 Pneumatic Actuators
- 5.1.2.3 Electric Actuators
- 5.1.2.4 Magnetic Actuators
- 5.1.2.5 Mechanical Actuators
- 5.1.2.6 Linear Actuators
- 5.1.2.7 Rotary Actuators
5.2 By Technology
- 5.2.1 MEMS
- 5.2.2 Non-MEMS / Conventional
5.3 By Connectivity
- 5.3.1 Wired
- 5.3.2 Wireless
5.4 By Output Signal
- 5.4.1 Digital
- 5.4.2 Analog
5.5 By End-user Industry
- 5.5.1 Automotive and Mobility
- 5.5.2 Industrial Automation and Robotics
- 5.5.3 Consumer Electronics and Wearables
- 5.5.4 Healthcare and Medical Devices
- 5.5.5 Oil, Gas and Energy
- 5.5.6 Aerospace and Defense
- 5.5.7 Building Automation and HVAC
- 5.5.8 Utilities (Water and Waste-Water, Power)
- 5.5.9 Mining and Metals
5.6 By Geography
- 5.6.1 North America
- 5.6.1.1 United States
- 5.6.1.2 Canada
- 5.6.1.3 Mexico
- 5.6.2 Europe
- 5.6.2.1 United Kingdom
- 5.6.2.2 Germany
- 5.6.2.3 France
- 5.6.2.4 Italy
- 5.6.2.5 Rest of Europe
- 5.6.3 Asia-Pacific
- 5.6.3.1 China
- 5.6.3.2 Japan
- 5.6.3.3 India
- 5.6.3.4 South Korea
- 5.6.3.5 Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 5.6.4 Middle East
- 5.6.4.1 Israel
- 5.6.4.2 Saudi Arabia
- 5.6.4.3 United Arab Emirates
- 5.6.4.4 Turkey
- 5.6.4.5 Rest of Middle East
- 5.6.5 Africa
- 5.6.5.1 South Africa
- 5.6.5.2 Egypt
- 5.6.5.3 Rest of Africa
- 5.6.6 South America
- 5.6.6.1 Brazil
- 5.6.6.2 Argentina
- 5.6.6.3 Rest of South America

6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

6.1 Market Concentration
6.2 Strategic Moves
6.3 Market Share Analysis
6.4 Company Profiles {(includes Global level Overview, Market level overview, Core Segments, Financials as available, Strategic Information, Market Rank/Share for key companies, Products and Services, and Recent Developments)}
- 6.4.1 TE Connectivity
- 6.4.2 Honeywell International Inc.
- 6.4.3 Bosch Sensortec GmbH
- 6.4.4 Emerson Electric Co.
- 6.4.5 Texas Instruments Incorporated
- 6.4.6 Schneider Electric SE
- 6.4.7 Siemens AG
- 6.4.8 SMC Corporation
- 6.4.9 Parker-Hannifin Corporation
- 6.4.10 Renesas Electronics Corporation
- 6.4.11 Infineon Technologies AG
- 6.4.12 ABB Ltd.
- 6.4.13 Rockwell Automation Inc.
- 6.4.14 NXP Semiconductors N.V.
- 6.4.15 Denso Corporation
- 6.4.16 Analog Devices Inc.
- 6.4.17 Flowserve Corporation
- 6.4.18 Schlumberger Limited
- 6.4.19 Balluff GmbH
- 6.4.20 OMRON Corporation
- 6.4.21 STMicroelectronics N.V.
- 6.4.22 KYOCERA AVX Components
- 6.4.23 Festo SE and Co. KG

7. MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

7.1 White-Space and Unmet-Need Assessment

You Can Purchase Parts Of This Report. Check Out Prices For Specific Sections

Get Price Break-up Now

Global Sensors And Actuators Market Report Scope

Sensors and actuators generally work together to automate and streamline industrial processes. A sensor is an electrical instrument that monitors and measures physical aspects of the environment and sends electrical signals to a control center when specific pre-determined conditions are detected. Sensors turn physical inputs into electrical signal output. Actuators receive electrical signals from control modules and turn them into physical outputs.

By Product Type	Sensors	Pressure Sensors
		Temperature Sensors
		Position Sensors
		Level Sensors
		Image Sensors
		Chemical/Bio-Sensors
		Torque Sensors
		Flow Sensors

	Actuators	Hydraulic Actuators
		Pneumatic Actuators
		Electric Actuators
		Magnetic Actuators
		Mechanical Actuators
		Linear Actuators
		Rotary Actuators
By Technology	MEMS
	Non-MEMS / Conventional
By Connectivity	Wired
	Wireless
By Output Signal	Digital
	Analog
By End-user Industry	Automotive and Mobility
	Industrial Automation and Robotics
	Consumer Electronics and Wearables
	Healthcare and Medical Devices
	Oil, Gas and Energy
	Aerospace and Defense
	Building Automation and HVAC
	Utilities (Water and Waste-Water, Power)
	Mining and Metals

By Geography	North America	United States
		Canada
		Mexico

	Europe	United Kingdom
		Germany
		France
		Italy
		Rest of Europe

	Asia-Pacific	China
		Japan
		India
		South Korea
		Rest of Asia-Pacific

	Middle East	Israel
		Saudi Arabia
		United Arab Emirates
		Turkey
		Rest of Middle East

	Africa	South Africa
		Egypt
		Rest of Africa

	South America	Brazil
		Argentina
		Rest of South America

By Product Type

Sensors	Pressure Sensors
	Temperature Sensors
	Position Sensors
	Level Sensors
	Image Sensors
	Chemical/Bio-Sensors
	Torque Sensors
	Flow Sensors
Actuators	Hydraulic Actuators
	Pneumatic Actuators
	Electric Actuators
	Magnetic Actuators
	Mechanical Actuators
	Linear Actuators
	Rotary Actuators

By Technology

MEMS

Non-MEMS / Conventional

By Connectivity

Wired

Wireless

By Output Signal

Digital

Analog

By End-user Industry

Automotive and Mobility

Industrial Automation and Robotics

Consumer Electronics and Wearables

Healthcare and Medical Devices

Oil, Gas and Energy

Aerospace and Defense

Building Automation and HVAC

Utilities (Water and Waste-Water, Power)

Mining and Metals

By Geography

North America	United States
	Canada
	Mexico
Europe	United Kingdom
	Germany
	France
	Italy
	Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific	China
	Japan
	India
	South Korea
	Rest of Asia-Pacific
Middle East	Israel
	Saudi Arabia
	United Arab Emirates
	Turkey
	Rest of Middle East
Africa	South Africa
	Egypt
	Rest of Africa
South America	Brazil
	Argentina
	Rest of South America

Need A Different Region or Segment?

Customize Now

Key Questions Answered in the Report

What is the current Global Sensors and Actuators Market size?

The Global Sensors and Actuators Market is projected to register a CAGR of 8.24% during the forecast period (2025-2030)

Who are the key players in Global Sensors and Actuators Market?

TE Connectivity Ltd, Texas Instruments Inc, Honeywell International Inc, Emerson Electric Co. and SMC Corporation are the major companies operating in the Global Sensors and Actuators Market.

Which is the fastest growing region in Global Sensors and Actuators Market?

Asia-Pacific is estimated to grow at the highest CAGR over the forecast period (2025-2030).

Which region has the biggest share in Global Sensors and Actuators Market?

In 2025, the Asia-Pacific accounts for the largest market share in Global Sensors and Actuators Market.

What years does this Global Sensors and Actuators Market cover?

The report covers the Global Sensors and Actuators Market historical market size for years: 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The report also forecasts the Global Sensors and Actuators Market size for years: 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029 and 2030.

Page last updated on: July 5, 2025