
Europe Blood Glucose Monitoring Market Analysis by Mordor Intelligence
The Europe Blood Glucose Monitoring Market size is expected to grow from USD 5.61 billion in 2025 to USD 6.07 billion in 2026 and is forecast to reach USD 9.04 billion by 2031 at 8.28% CAGR over 2026-2031.
Spurring this climb are statutory payor decisions that now underwrite continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for virtually every insulin-treated patient in Germany and the United Kingdom, rising uptake of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery systems that require sensor data every five minutes, and an aging population that pushes diabetes prevalence higher each year across the EU-27. Competitive pricing for CGM sensors has narrowed the historic cost gap with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) strips, allowing CGM to penetrate non-intensively treated Type-2 cohorts in France, Italy, and Spain. At the same time, national tele-diabetes programs in the Nordic region have normalised virtual follow-ups, shifting device purchasing power from hospitals to consumers and helping homecare emerge as the dominant end-user channel. Finally, regulatory pressure to reduce single-use plastics is accelerating design changes toward reusable transmitters, giving incumbents a fresh differentiator while dissuading low-cost SMBG entrants.
Key Report Takeaways
- By device type, SMBG retained 60.1% of Europe blood glucose monitoring market share in 2025, while CGM leads future growth at a 10.23% CAGR through 2031.
- By diabetes type, Type-2 diabetes commanded a 73.21% share of the European blood glucose monitoring market in 2025; Type-1 diabetes is projected to advance at a 13.5% CAGR to 2031.
- By age group, adults held 73.1% share in 2025, whereas the pediatric cohort is poised to grow at 14.31% CAGR through 2031.
- By test type, invasive methods accounted for 59.12% of the European blood glucose monitoring market size in 2025; non-invasive platforms are forecast to expand at 10.78% CAGR over the same period.
- By end user, the homecare segment captured 41.34% share in 2025 and is on track for a 9.87% CAGR to 2031.
- By geography, Germany led with 26.76% share in 2025, while the United Kingdom posts the fastest trajectory at 11.23% CAGR through 2031.
Note: Market size and forecast figures in this report are generated using Mordor Intelligence’s proprietary estimation framework, updated with the latest available data and insights as of 2026.
Europe Blood Glucose Monitoring Market Trends and Insights
Drivers Impact Analysis*
| Driver | (~) % Impact on CAGR Forecast | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rising diabetes prevalence & ageing population | +2.1% | EU-5, Poland, Austria, Switzerland | Long term (≥ 4 years) |
| CGM–SMBG accuracy convergence & hybrid data platforms | +1.8% | Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Sweden | Medium term (2-4 years) |
| Expanded public reimbursement for CGM across EU-5 | +1.5% | Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain | Short term (≤ 2 years) |
| Digital-health integration enabling virtual diabetes clinics | +1.3% | Nordic countries, Netherlands, Belgium, UK | Medium term (2-4 years) |
| Value-based procurement & outcomes-linked tenders | +0.9% | Germany, France, Netherlands | Medium term (2-4 years) |
| ESG-driven demand for eco-designed reusable sensors | +0.6% | Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden | Long term (≥ 4 years) |
| Source: Mordor Intelligence | |||
Rising Diabetes Prevalence & Ageing Population
Europe counted 61 million adults living with diabetes in 2025, and the International Diabetes Federation projects this figure will reach 68 million by 2030. Germany documented 8.5 million diagnosed cases in 2025, a 9% rise from 2020, while Poland’s prevalence hit 7.2% amid rural diagnostic gaps [1]International Diabetes Federation, “IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025,” diabetesatlas.org. People aged 65-plus, whose diabetes incidence is 3.2-times higher than the working-age group, are expanding fastest in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, prompting suppliers to design CGMs with larger displays and voice prompts to suit dexterity or cognitive limitations. These demographics underpin sustained unit demand for both sensors and test strips. Consequently, the Europe blood glucose monitoring market continues to see stable baseline volumes even as per-patient strip consumption falls.
CGM–SMBG Accuracy Convergence & Hybrid Data Platforms
Peer-reviewed trials in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology showed leading CGM systems achieving mean absolute relative difference (MARD) values below 9%, effectively matching laboratory standards and removing the calibration rationale for SMBG. Abbott FreeStyle Libre 3 and Dexcom G7 both secured ISO 15197:2013 certification without finger-stick validation, triggering Germany’s G-BA to reimburse CGM for basal-insulin Type-2 users from July 2025 [2]G-BA Germany, “Press Release July 2025,” g-ba.de. Hybrid data platforms now merge CGM feeds with insulin-pump algorithms and electronic health records, elevating closed-loop accuracy and squeezing the EUR 0.45 per-test price edge that SMBG once held. As decision makers weigh the total cost of care, strip-based economics alone can no longer shield SMBG from share erosion.
Expanded Public Reimbursement for CGM Across EU-5
NHS England committed GBP 350 million annually in April 2024 to provide flash and real-time CGM to every insulin-treated patient. France’s Haute Autorité de Santé followed in September 2024, extending coverage to poorly controlled Type-2 patients on multiple daily injections. Italy and Spain enacted similar, though regionally nuanced, funding schemes in 2025 that tie payment to hypoglycemia reduction metrics. These actions collectively expand the reimbursable universe by more than 1.2 million European users within two years, giving CGM its strongest demand shock in a decade.
Digital-Health Integration Enabling Virtual Diabetes Clinics
Post-pandemic, 42% of diabetes follow-ups in the Nordics occurred virtually in 2025, up from 18% in 2020, thanks to cloud dashboards that let clinicians titrate insulin remotely. Stockholm’s CGM data hub shortened waiting lists by 30% and improved HbA1c by 0.4 percentage points. Danish pilots pairing CGM with AI coaching apps reached 78% engagement, showing that behavioral nudges can amplify sensor value. These gains embolden payors to shift routine care to home settings, amplifying sensor sales through direct-to-consumer channels.
Restraints Impact Analysis*
| Restraint | (~) % Impact on CAGR Forecast | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline |
|---|---|---|---|
| High cost of CGM devices & consumables | –1.2% | Southern & Eastern Europe | Short term (≤ 2 years) |
| Semiconductor-grade MEMS supply-chain constraints | –0.8% | Germany, France, UK | Short term (≤ 2 years) |
| GLP-1-driven insulin volume decline dampening sensor demand | –1.0% | Germany, UK, France | Medium term (2-4 years) |
| EU MDR / IVDR bottlenecks & limited Notified-Body capacity | –0.7% | Pan-Europe | Medium term (2-4 years) |
| Source: Mordor Intelligence | |||
High Cost of CGM Devices & Consumables
Out-of-pocket spending remains a hurdle where reimbursement is partial or absent. Italian users paid EUR 120-160 per month for Libre sensors in 2025, 12% of the median disposable income in the south [3]Italian Diabetes Society, “Access Report 2025,” siditalia.it. Spain’s autonomous regions showed 70% coverage in Catalonia but only 18% in Extremadura, fuelling legal challenges from patient groups. Poland funds CGM solely for children, leaving 280,000 adult insulin users on SMBG strips that cost EUR 35 monthly, reinforcing health inequities.
Semiconductor-Grade MEMS Supply-Chain Constraints
CGM sensors use electrochemical electrodes built on silicon wafers, competing for foundry slots also serving automotive chips. During the 2024-2025 shortage, Dexcom faced 38-week ASIC lead times and prepaid EUR 45 million in wafer inventory. Abbott dual-sourced platinum-iridium electrodes to buffer risk, stockpiling 60 days of safety inventory. Any renewed silicon crunch could again expose the market to short-term stock-outs.
*Our forecasts treat driver/restraint impacts as directional, not additive. The impact forecasts reflect baseline growth, mix effects, and variable interactions.
Segment Analysis
By Device Type: CGM Gains as SMBG Defends Legacy Base
SMBG still accounted for 60.1% of Europe's blood glucose monitoring market share in 2025, buoyed by entrenched reimbursement for Type-2 patients on oral agents and the 12 million-unit installed base of finger-stick users. Roche Accu-Chek Guide and LifeScan OneTouch Verio Reflect anchor pharmacy contracts, though their test-strip volumes slipped 4-6% in 2025 as CGM accelerated among insulin users. The European blood glucose monitoring market size linked to CGM is forecast to expand at 10.23% CAGR, propelled by accuracy parity, ISO certification without calibration, and interoperability with closed-loop pumps.
Emerging non-invasive wearables—Biolinq’s microneedle patch and Nemaura’s sugarBEAT—entered limited pilots in 2025, courting the 8 million pre-diabetics who refuse finger pricks. Medtronic’s Guardian 4 sensor reached 18% of new CGM starts in Germany within six months of its March 2025 launch, underscoring the momentum behind fully integrated systems. To blunt share loss, SMBG vendors now bundle Bluetooth meters with analytics portals, seeking to shift dialogue from “device” to “data” even as per-test economics erode.

By Diabetes Type: Type-1 Intensity Meets Type-2 Volume
Type-2 cases delivered 73.21% of revenue in 2025, confirming their numeric dominance, yet Type-1 drives disproportionate growth and technology mix. The Europe blood glucose monitoring market size earned from Type-1 users is projected to climb 13.5% CAGR, as pediatric guidelines prescribe CGM as standard of care and closed-loop systems proliferate. Germany leads with 78% CGM penetration among Type-1 patients.
Type-1 patients also spend 4.2-times more per capita on sensors and pump supplies than Type-2 SMBG users, concentrating manufacturer margins. Expanded reimbursement for Type-2 CGM now hinges on clinical demonstration of hypoglycemia reduction rather than glycemic averages alone, a hurdle that vendors are actively studying. Broader inclusion of pre-diabetes monitoring could unlock 18 million additional users, but supportive cost-effectiveness dossiers remain a prerequisite.
By Age Group: Pediatrics Surge, Geriatrics Lag
Adults represented 73.1% of 2025 revenue, yet pediatrics outpaces every cohort with a forecast 14.31% CAGR. Sweden’s school-based program put CGM in 92% of Type-1 children by 2025, cutting emergency admissions by 44%.
Geriatric uptake sits at 19% despite accounting for 28% of diabetic Europeans, constrained by manual dexterity hurdles and skepticism toward new tech. Abbott’s caregiver-view feature lifted German and Dutch senior adoption 18% year-on-year. Italy’s pilot that couples CGM with weekly tele-consults achieved 72% adherence, signalling that wrap-around services, rather than hardware alone, can unlock this conservative segment.

By Test Type: Invasive Dominance Faces Non-Invasive Challenge
Invasive modalities, spanning SMBG and minimally invasive CGM, held 59.12% share in 2025, supported by pump integration requirements. Non-invasive technologies are projected to grow at 10.78% CAGR through 2031 as patients gravitate toward pain-free options. Nemaura’s sugarBEAT registered 12.3% MARD in trials, good enough for private-pay segments, though still shy of public-funding thresholds.
Biolinq’s intradermal patch, now in CE-mark review, positions itself as “virtually non-invasive,” offering 14-day wear with no skin breach and targeting launch in 2026. For pump-dependent users, however, invasive CGM retains an accuracy and real-time advantage, especially for automated insulin delivery algorithms that adjust every five minutes. As such, invasive systems will dominate high-acuity segments even while non-invasive gains share among lifestyle-managed Type-2 and pre-diabetic populations.
By End User: Homecare Ascends, Hospitals Retreat
Homecare settings delivered 41.34% of revenue in 2025 and are projected to climb 9.87% CAGR, reflecting enduring patient preference for remote monitoring. German sickness funds reported 68% of endocrinology consults were virtual by 2025, trimming per-patient costs by EUR 340.
Hospitals accounted for a significant share but face slower growth as reimbursement rarely covers inpatient sensor use. Abbott’s Libre Pro addresses staff workload with retrospective reporting, but adoption remains low. Direct-to-consumer e-commerce, classified under “Others,” surged significantly in 2025 after Dexcom and Abbott launched subscription delivery, underscoring a retail-health tilt that reshapes channel strategy.

Geography Analysis
Germany commanded 26.76% of the Europe blood glucose monitoring market share in 2025, backed by statutory coverage that funds CGM for all Type-1 and select high-risk Type-2 patients. CGM penetration among German insulin users reached 78%, and sickness funds have started outcome-based contracts that further reward sensor adherence.
The United Kingdom is the fastest-growing territory with an 11.23% CAGR forecast to 2031, thanks to NHS England’s GBP 350 million program that extends flash and real-time CGM to 400,000 insulin-treated individuals. Suppliers set up direct distribution to support home delivery, bypassing pharmacy margin drag and enabling swift scale-up. France follows, with HAS expanding reimbursement to Type-2 multiple-daily-injection patients, though roll-out speed is uneven across rural départements.
Spain and Italy exhibit regionally fragmented access. Catalonia hit major CGM coverage. Italy’s pay-for-performance scheme links reimbursement to hypoglycemia reduction, shifting risk to vendors yet catalyzing adoption among cash-strapped health authorities. The Netherlands reaches 64% Type-1 penetration under a time-in-range payment model. Nordic nations collectively hold notable market share, but punch above their weight in virtual-clinic innovation and pediatric adoption. Eastern Europe remains SMBG-centric due to budget constraints, although Poland has signalled adult CGM funding from 2027.
Regulatory Landscape
In Europe, blood glucose monitoring products such as test strips and CGM sensors fall under the EU In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR, Regulation (EU) 2017/746), alongside broader EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR) requirements for associated hardware and software components where applicable. A near-term compliance anchor is EUDAMED: as of November 27, 2025, four EUDAMED modules were fully functional, and the corresponding transparency obligations become mandatory from May 28, 2026. This shifts attention toward device identification, registration, and lifecycle traceability for manufacturers and authorized representatives.
Policy activity also continues to address capacity and process constraints created by MDR/IVDR implementation. The European Commission published proposals on December 16, 2025 to amend MDR and IVDR, with the stated intent of streamlining processes and reducing administrative burden. The European Parliament Health Committee backed a risk-based overhaul in July 2026. In parallel, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) set a Q2 2026 pilot to provide enhanced regulatory support and scientific advice via expert panels for breakthrough medical devices, creating another route for developers of advanced CGM and integrated diabetes management systems to engage earlier on evidence and performance expectations.
Competitive Landscape
Four multinationals Abbott, Dexcom, Medtronic, and Roche collectively occupied the majority of Europe blood glucose monitoring market revenue in 2025. Abbott’s FreeStyle Libre franchise generated EUR 1.8 billion in sales, strengthened by a low-profile sensor, Bluetooth alerts, and growing integration with insulin pumps. Dexcom’s G7 seized a 22% share of new CGM starts in Germany and the UK within six months of its 2025 launch, leveraging 30-minute warm-up and 10-day wear.
Medtronic differentiates through vertical integration; its MiniMed 780G bundles Guardian 4 sensors with algorithmic insulin dosing and captured 18% of new German Type-1 starts in 2025. Roche continues to dominate SMBG via pharmacy contracts but is pivoting toward digital therapeutics as strip volumes decay. White-space opportunities such as pre-diabetes monitoring and geriatric-friendly interfaces attract newcomers like Biolinq and Nemaura, though capital and regulatory hurdles remain formidable.
AI-enhanced analytics form the next battleground. Abbott’s LibreLink app and Medtronic’s Meal Detection algorithm already predict glucose excursions, raising the stakes for sensor-agnostic software providers. Outcomes-linked tenders in Germany, France, and the Netherlands favor incumbents with extensive data, yet also encourage partnerships between device makers and AI startups to meet pay-for-performance thresholds.
Europe Blood Glucose Monitoring Industry Leaders
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
Abbott Laboratories
Dexcom Inc.
Medtronic plc
Ascensia Diabetes Care
- *Disclaimer: Major Players sorted in no particular order

Market Opportunities and Future Outlook
Technology and portfolio whitespace is widening around higher-acuity monitoring and system integration, supported by a visible pipeline of new CGM form factors and sensing capabilities. In April 2026, Senseonics launched Eversense 365 in Sweden, bringing a one-year implantable CGM into European commercialization and expanding opportunities tied to clinic-based insertion networks, follow-up services, and reimbursement dossiers for longer-wear sensors. In May 2026, Abbott secured CE Mark for Libre Duo, adding dual glucose-ketone sensing that aligns with safety needs in insulin-treated and automated insulin delivery users, and supporting a new premium segment for payors and providers focused on diabetic ketoacidosis risk management.
Commercial entry and manufacturing transitions also add room beyond incumbent CGM duopolies, particularly in countries where reimbursement expansion is shifting volume toward homecare and direct distribution. LifeScan announced in February 2026 a partnership with i-SENS to launch the OneTouch Vita CGM system across Germany, Ireland, Portugal, and Belgium by early 2027, indicating renewed competitive intensity from established SMBG brands moving into CGM. On the supply side, the August 2024 acquisition by MTD Group of Ypsomed's Pen Needles and Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems, together with plans to upgrade European production facilities, highlights capacity and localization levers that can matter in tender-driven markets and periods of sensor component constraints. Interoperability remains an opportunity as the European Health Data Space was established under Regulation (EU) 2025/327, and its application timeline from March 2027 raises the value of device-to-platform integration, consented data access, and standardized reporting for outcomes-linked procurement.
Recent Industry Developments
- June 2026: MiniMed expanded its partnership with Abbott to add integrated dual glucose-ketone sensors to its smart dosing ecosystem. It broadens sensor optionality for automated insulin delivery users and increases competitive pressure on integrated pump-CGM bundles in Europe.
- May 2026: Abbott secured CE Mark for Libre Duo and Libre Duo 10 Day, enabling continuous dual glucose and ketone monitoring. Dual-analyte sensing strengthens safety positioning for insulin-treated patients and supports differentiation in reimbursement discussions focused on adverse-event prevention.
- August 2024: MTD Group completed the acquisition of Ypsomed's Pen Needles and Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems and outlined an investment plan to upgrade European production facilities. The transaction reshapes the SMBG supply base in Europe and adds manufacturing-scale levers that can influence pricing and tender participation.
Research Methodology Framework and Report Scope
Market Definition and Coverage
This market covers revenues generated in Europe from blood glucose monitoring used by patients and care settings to measure glucose using capillary blood or interstitial readings. It includes self-monitoring systems and continuous monitoring systems, along with the core consumables and sensor-related components that enable regular testing.
Scope exclusions: central laboratory chemistry analyzers and still-experimental non-invasive wearables are excluded from this sizing.
Segmentation Overview
- By Device Type
- Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG)
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
- Emerging Non-Invasive Wearables
- By Diabetes Type
- Type-1 Diabetes
- Type-2 Diabetes
- By Age Group
- Pediatrics
- Adults
- Geriatrics
- By Test Type
- Invasive
- Non-Invasive
- By End User
- Hospitals
- Homecare
- Others
- By Country
- Germany
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
Data Sources, Market Sizing, and Validation
Desk Research
Desk research starts with building the demand pool and policy context for diabetes testing across Europe, and then mapping that to device and consumable categories. We referenced public sources such as World Health Organization diabetes statistics, International Diabetes Federation atlases, Eurostat population and health indicators, and OECD health data to anchor prevalence, age mix, and care access assumptions.
To make the model usable at a country roll-up level, we also reviewed guidance and publications from European and national health authorities, plus procurement and reimbursement notes where they are published. Company annual reports, investor presentations, regulatory product listings, and trusted press releases were used to understand portfolio mix and pricing direction for meters, strips, and CGM components. For structured checks, we additionally used paid subscriptions that consolidate company financials, patent activity, and import or export shipment signals. The sources listed here are illustrative, and many other public references were reviewed to collect, cross-check, and clarify data points.
Primary Interviews and Surveys
Primary work was used to sanity-check SMBG and CGM adoption levels and typical pricing patterns in key European countries, then reconcile differences across desk sources. We spoke with device manufacturers, distributors, pharmacy-linked channels, clinicians, and diabetes educators so that assumptions on testing frequency, sensor replacement cycles, and tender-led price moves could be validated using consistent inputs across APAC, EMEA, and the Americas perspectives provided by global teams.
Distribution of primary research fieldwork respondents
| Company type | Respondent position | Region |
|---|---|---|
| Top tier: 27% | CXOs: 15% | |
| Mid tier: 58% | Functional/Unit leaders: 41% | |
| Smaller Players: 15% | Managers: 44% |
Market-Sizing & Forecasting
Sizing was developed using top-down and bottom-up logic. Europe level totals were rebuilt from the diabetes population, therapy mix, and monitoring penetration, then cross-checked using selective supplier and channel approximations. Because reimbursement frameworks and tenders shape purchasing, the demand pool was translated into value using country-weighted average selling prices that reflect the mix across meters, strips, lancets, and CGM sensors and related components.
Key inputs used in the model include diagnosed diabetes prevalence and age distribution, the share of insulin treated patients, SMBG testing frequency per patient, CGM adoption by therapy cohort, and sensor wear time and replacement cadence. Where public sources were thin at a country level, gaps were handled by using proxy countries with similar reimbursement structures, then adjusting with interview-based correction factors.
Forecasts were produced using scenario analysis supported by trend lines in adoption and pricing, followed by a consistency check against expected policy direction and product transition (for example, a sensor-led mix shift and strip price pressure under tenders). When main drivers moved in opposite directions, a blended view was applied so the trajectory stayed realistic and explainable.
Data Validation & Update Cycle
Outputs were validated through multiple checks so the final totals do not depend on a single data series. We compare implied per-patient spending and per-user device volumes against known care pathways, reimbursement intensity, and the expected split of SMBG versus CGM in major markets.
Before sign-off, anomalies are reviewed by another analyst and then re-tested against independent indicators, including company commentary on regional performance and visible pricing direction. Reports are refreshed annually, and interim updates are triggered when material events occur (such as major reimbursement changes or a sharp tender reset). Right before delivery, we run a fresh review pass so the latest view is based on newly available public information.
Mordor Intelligence's Europe Blood Glucose Monitoring Market Market Sizing Compared With Other Published Estimates
Published market sizes for Europe blood glucose monitoring do not always match because the scope and component mapping can vary, and the base year and currency timing can shift the headline number. Differences also come from how firms treat consumables versus durables, and whether country roll-ups are tied to reimbursement-driven use patterns or to simpler device shipment assumptions.
Professional point-of-care devices and non-invasive products sit outside Mordor Intelligence's scope, which keeps the estimate focused on CE-marked, patient-operated SMBG and CGM systems and their enabling components. Some published figures also smooth pricing using broad inflation factors, but our model uses tender-led price pressure on strips and the sensor replacement cadence to keep value aligned to real utilization across EU-27 plus the UK, Switzerland, and Norway.
Benchmark comparison
| Source | Market Size | Gaps in Research Methodology |
|---|---|---|
| Mordor Intelligence | USD 5.61 B (2025) | |
| Global Consultancy A | USD 5.81 B (2025) | Often presented as a broader blood glucose monitoring system total for Europe, with fewer explicit exclusions, which can pull in adjacent device categories or count certain CGM receiver components differently. |
| Industry Research Group B | USD 4.43 B (2024) | Uses an earlier base year and a device-led definition that can emphasize monitors and systems, and it may not align strip and sensor value to reimbursement-driven usage intensity across countries. |
The spread in the table is mainly explained by which adjacent device types are counted, plus year choice and how consumables are converted from patient usage into revenue. By keeping assumptions tied to prevalence, therapy mix, testing frequency, and replacement cycles, the estimate stays traceable to inputs that can be checked and updated in repeatable steps.
Key Questions Answered in the Report
How fast is the Europe blood glucose monitoring market expected to grow?
The market is forecast to expand at an 8.28% CAGR from 2026 to 2031, rising from USD 6.07 million to USD 9.04 million.
Which device type is gaining the most ground in Europe?
Continuous glucose monitoring is the fastest-growing category, projected at a 10.23% CAGR as reimbursement broadens and accuracy now rivals laboratory standards
Why is the United Kingdom the fastest-growing country for glucose monitoring devices?
A GBP 350 million NHS England program funds CGM for all insulin-treated patients, driving an 11.23% CAGR through 2031 and encouraging direct-to-consumer distribution models
What challenges could slow market expansion?
High sensor prices in regions with partial reimbursement, semiconductor supply-chain constraints, and a shift toward GLP-1 therapy that reduces insulin use are the leading headwinds.
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